2.dos Complications with present studies
Because dowry are legally blocked when you look at the Asia and you can Bangladesh, people usually hesitate to tell you particular dowry wide variety. The product quality question on the dowry in the Indian dataset requires from the community-dependent dowry. Particularly, the fresh India Individual Development Questionnaire asks “Generally in your neighborhood to possess a family such as your own personal, exactly what are the style of things that are supplied while the gift ideas in the course of new daughter’s relationship?” A residential district-situated dowry is not necessarily the identical to an individual dowry, that is paid by the bride’s moms and dads during the time of wedding. Instead, the question out of dowry lets only a binary respond to, we.e., regardless if a positive level of dowry is paid down (age.g., Questionnaire toward Updates of women and you will Fertility in Asia and you may Pakistan). A digital address, without a doubt, doesn’t give much more info. Typical off whether a confident dowry number exists matches so you can, which will be mostly said by the, cultural, religious, and status experiences for the Southern China.
Because dowry is not legally prohibited inside Pakistan, the total amount directly repaid from the feminine respondent’s parents will be expected rather than reservation inside a Pakistani dataset such as the Pakistan Outlying Household Questionnaire. No matter if Pakistani interviewees may well not purposefully keep hidden genuine information on dowry strategies, the survey will get nevertheless have keep in mind problems just like the participants need certainly to keep in mind the dowry count paid back by its parents in the past. Profile 1a plots this new predict level of actual dowry viewpoints measured inside the Pakistani Rupees during the 2004 on to relationships season having fun with analysis from the fresh new Pakistan Outlying Family Questionnaire. Since consensus is the fact genuine dowry amounts try growing, or perhaps exhibit a low-declining pattern, the figure indicates the entire interest away from bear marry a danish women in mind problems. This means, the brand new extended the newest gap amongst the interviewees‘ matrimony in addition to keep in mind big date, a lot more likely he is so you’re able to overestimate the dowry amount.
Matchmaking anywhere between ladies‘ ounts. New range reveals the new predict actual amount of dowry regressed towards the women’s marriage 12 months. The brand new shaded city suggests 95% rely on interval of one’s forecast amount of dowry. The data sources of (a) and you can (b) are Pakistan Rural Domestic Survey 2004, and also the outlying household survey used by the copywriter in 2013, correspondingly
step 3 Data
With the better of our degree, analysis accumulated within investigation could be the basic to adopt explicitly an over-all habit of overestimate a price repaid extended back. Just as the features off in past times compiled research, ours are also retrospective; but not, considering that it interest, i like implemented particular efforts to attenuate survey remember mistakes. Particularly, i requested the level of one another community-created dowry (non-retrospective) and personal dowry matter paid off during brand new respondent’s matrimony (retrospective). Once the Pakistani dowry includes silver/jewelry, dresses, furniture, cooking utensils, and the like, i queried dowry amounts from the item. If we sensed an effective respondent’s overestimation of dowry amount, particularly in happening from a marriage you to definitely took place an effective very long time ago, due to the fact dowry is shown, we are able to and you will did glance at such numbers which have those who attended new service. Therefore, the research on the predict genuine amounts of dowry (Fig. 1b) do not tell you one decreasing pattern, in contrast having those individuals advertised during the Fig. 1a.
step 3.1 Survey
When conducting our survey between , we intended to capture the heterogeneous aspects of the Punjab province in Pakistan. We divided Punjab (36 districts) into five regions: Pothohar (or North), Central, East, West, and South Punjab. Climate, culture (including marriage/inheritance practices), and socioeconomic conditions differ across regions but are similar within each region. We randomly selected one district from each region, namely, Rawalpindi, Mandi Bahauddin, Narowal, Muzaffargarh, and Bahawalnagar (Fig. 2). We used the district census for 1998–1999, the latest census available in Pakistan as of 2013, to randomly select six villages in rural areas in each of the five districts. We restricted sampling villages to those with a population of at least 1000 at the time of the census. In each village, we selected 22 households, following a stratified random sampling methodology. First, with assistance from the village chief, we made a list of households in the village and categorized them into a stratum. The strata are kammees Footnote 10 (i.e., traditional service or lower caste, with annual income ? PKR 200,000, > PKR 200,000) and zamindars (i.e., landowning farmers with land 12.5 acres). Eligible households in our survey are defined as those with an economically active husband and wife aged 15–65. Second, we performed stratified random sampling so that the share of each stratum in our sample corresponds to the share of each stratum of the village population (= households).